OpenStack目前已经成为众多云计算厂商搭建私有云的首选，众多学术机构也使用OpenStack搭建小规模测试环境供学生实验，在此分享使用OpenStack虚拟机搭建Hadoop2.2.0环境的过程。
1.VM环境准备
OpenStack版本：Folsom
a. 发起三台测试虚拟机，操作系统为 Ubuntu-12.04.2-x86_64
b. 配置IP地址，因为在F版本的OpenStack中，网络采用FlatDHCP模式使得虚拟机获得10.0.x.x段的Fixed IP地址，因此需要在虚拟机中配置/etc/hosts文件。
# vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain
10.0.0.225 hdp-server-01
10.0.1.19 hdp-server-02
10.0.1.17 hdp-server-03
c. 用root在每台机器上新建用户 yarn，使用同样的密码
# useradd -m -s /bin/bash yarn
# passwd yarn
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully
d. 设置ssh无密码互访
#每台机器
$ su yarn
$ cd ~
$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
$ cat .ssh/id_rsa.pub >> .ssh/authorized_keys
#可以使用 ssh localhost 测试是否可以无密码访问
#相互之间可以将.ssh/authorized_keys的内容互拷到对方的.ssh/authorized_keys文件中。
e. 使用yarn账户，通过/etc/hosts文件中填写的主机名进行互访，并验证是否无密码登录。
因为采用64位的操作系统，因此不能够直接使用从官网下载的文件进行安装，必须手动编译。以下为编译过程：
2.编译Hadoop2.2.0
a. 配置JDK环境变量，假设jdk文件夹为/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_45
su yarn
# vim ~/.bashrc
# 追加写入
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/java/jdk1.7.0_45
export JRE_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}/jre
export CLASSPATH=.:${JAVA_HOME}/lib:${JRE_HOME}/lib
export PATH=${JAVA_HOME}/bin:$PATH
$source ~/.bashrc #使设置生效
b. 安装编译所需依赖
$sudo apt-get install g++ autoconf automake libtool cmake zlib1g-dev pkg-config libssl-dev
c. 安装protobuf 2.5.0
$cd $HOME/protobuf2.5.0
$./configure --prefix=/usr
$sudo make
$sudo make check
$sudo make install
$ protoc --version
libprotoc 2.5.0
d. 安装maven
$ sudo apt-get install maven
e. 开始编译
$ cd ~
$ tar -xzvf Hadoop-2.2.0-src.tar.gz
$ cd hadoop-2.2.0-src/
$ mvn package -Pdist,native -DskipTests -Dtar
编译大概耗时约30分钟，编译完后的文件在 hadoop-2.2.0-src/hadoop-dist/target 路径中。如果发起的虚拟机都是相同操作系统，编译只需要在一台机器上执行。
验证编译结果：
yarn@hdp-server-01:~$ $HOME/hadoop-2.2.0/bin/hadoop version
Hadoop 2.2.0
Subversion Unknown -r Unknown
Compiled by yarn on 2013-11-05T06:41Z
Compiled with protoc 2.5.0
From source with checksum 79e53ce7994d1628b240f09af91e1af4
This command was run using /home/yarn/hadoop-2.2.0/share/hadoop/common/hadoop-common-2.2.0.jar
yarn@hdp-server-01:~$ file $HOME/hadoop-2.2.0/lib/native/*
/home/yarn/hadoop-2.2.0/lib/native/libhadoop.a: current ar archive
/home/yarn/hadoop-2.2.0/lib/native/libhadooppipes.a: current ar archive
/home/yarn/hadoop-2.2.0/lib/native/libhadoop.so: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, BuildID[sha1]=0xaa74c9d23bfe750f160412e4465b14c88cf1c650, not stripped
/home/yarn/hadoop-2.2.0/lib/native/libhadoop.so.1.0.0: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, BuildID[sha1]=0xaa74c9d23bfe750f160412e4465b14c88cf1c650, not stripped
/home/yarn/hadoop-2.2.0/lib/native/libhadooputils.a: current ar archive
/home/yarn/hadoop-2.2.0/lib/native/libhdfs.a: current ar archive
/home/yarn/hadoop-2.2.0/lib/native/libhdfs.so: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, BuildID[sha1]=0x89671252f3c5fb7034425e80c9d31ea67da75c4d, not stripped
/home/yarn/hadoop-2.2.0/lib/native/libhdfs.so.0.0.0: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, BuildID[sha1]=0x89671252f3c5fb7034425e80c9d31ea67da75c4d, not stripped
3. 安装配置Hadoop2.2.0
假定各node角色划分如下：
hdp-server-01 resourcemanager, nodemanager, proxyserver,historyserver, datanode, namenode
hdp-server-02 datanode, nodemanager
hdp-server-03 datanode, nodemanager
a. 目录准备
mkdir -p ~/yarn_data/tmp
mkdir -p ~/yarn_data/mapred
b. 配置环境变量（追加至~/.bashrc）
#hadoop env
export HADOOP_HOME="$HOME/hadoop-2.2.0"
export HADOOP_PREFIX="$HADOOP_HOME/"
export YARN_HOME=$HADOOP_HOME
export HADOOP_MAPRED_HOME="$HADOOP_HOME"
export HADOOP_COMMON_HOME="$HADOOP_HOME"
export HADOOP_HDFS_HOME="$HADOOP_HOME"
export HADOOP_CONF_DIR="$HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/"
export YARN_CONF_DIR=$HADOOP_CONF_DIR
export PATH="$HADOOP_HOME/bin:$HADOOP_HOME/sbin:$PATH"
c. 修改官方启动脚本
$ cd $YARN_HOME/libexec/
$ vim hadoop-config.sh
#修改第96行代码为：
export HADOOP_SLAVES="${HADOOP_CONF_DIR}/$1"
#保存退出vim
d. 设置配置文件
<!-- $YARN_HOME/etc/hadoop/core-site.xml -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="configuration.xsl"?>
<configuration>
<property>
<name>fs.defaultFS</name>
<value>hdfs://hdp-server-01:9000</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>hadoop.tmp.dir</name>
<value>/home/yarn/yarn_data/tmp/hadoop-grid</value>
</property>
</configuration>
<!-- $YARN_HOME/etc/hadoop/hdfs-site.xml -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="configuration.xsl"?>
<configuration>
<property>
<name>dfs.replication</name>
<value>3</value>
</property>
</configuration>
<!-- $YARN_HOME/etc/hadoop/yarn-site.xml -->
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<configuration>
<property>
<name>yarn.nodemanager.aux-services</name>
<value>mapreduce_shuffle</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>yarn.resourcemanager.address</name>
<value>hdp-server-01:8032</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>yarn.resourcemanager.resource-tracker.address</name>
<value>hdp-server-01:8031</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>yarn.resourcemanager.admin.address</name>
<value>hdp-server-01:8033</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>yarn.resourcemanager.scheduler.address</name>
<value>hdp-server-01:8030</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>yarn.nodemanager.loacl-dirs</name>
<value>/home/yarn/yarn_data/mapred/nodemanager</value>
<final>true</final>
</property>
<property>
<name>yarn.web-proxy.address</name>
<value>hdp-server-01:8888</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>yarn.nodemanager.aux-services.mapreduce.shuffle.class</name>
<value>org.apache.hadoop.mapred.ShuffleHandler</value>
</property>
</configuration>
<!-- $YARN_HOME/etc/hadoop/mapred-site.xml -->
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="configuration.xsl"?>
<configuration>
<property>
<name>mapreduce.framework.name</name>
<value>yarn</value>
</property>
</configuration>
至此，配置文件修改完毕，修改完后将 $HOME/hadoop-2.2.0 及 $HOME/yarn_data 两个文件分别拷贝至其他机器的同样位置，注意确保文件所有者为yarn。
e. HDFS格式化
$ hdfs namenode -format
f. 启动Hadoop
@hdp-server-01 #在不同vm上启动的服务不同，根据划分的角色
$cd $YARN_HOME
$sbin/hadoop-daemon.sh --script hdfs start namenode # 启动namenode
$sbin/hadoop-daemon.sh --script hdfs start datanode # 启动datanode
$sbin/yarndaemon.shstart nodemanager #启动nodemanager
$sbin/yarn-daemon.sh start resourcemanager # 启动resourcemanager
$sbin/yarn-daemon.shstart proxyserver #启动web App proxy
$sbin/mr-jobhistory-daemon.sh start historyserver
jps查看
$ jps
8770 ResourceManager
11609 Jps
8644 NodeManager
9071 JobHistoryServer
8479 NameNode
9000 WebAppProxyServer
8552 DataNode
@hdp-server-02
@hdp-server-03
$cd $YARN_HOME
$sbin/yarndaemon.shstart nodemanager # 启动nodemanager
$sbin/hadoop-daemon.sh --script hdfs start datanode # 启动datanode
jps查看
$ jps
6691 NodeManager
9089 Jps
6787 DataNode
至此，集群搭建完毕，跑一个测试用例试试：
cd $YARN_HOME
$ bin/yarn jar share/hadoop/mapreduce/hadoop-mapreduce-examples-2.2.0.jar pi 10 1000
这是mongodb蒙特卡洛算法计算圆周率的测试用例，pi后跟的两个数字分别表示使用多少个map以及计算的精度。结果如下：
Number of Maps = 10
Samples per Map = 1000
Wrote input for Map #0
Wrote input for Map #1
Wrote input for Map #2
Wrote input for Map #3
Wrote input for Map #4
Wrote input for Map #5
Wrote input for Map #6
Wrote input for Map #7
Wrote input for Map #8
Wrote input for Map #9
Starting Job
13/12/22 17:50:42 INFO client.RMProxy: Connecting to ResourceManager at hdp-server-01/10.0.0.225:8032
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO input.FileInputFormat: Total input paths to process : 10
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO mapreduce.JobSubmitter: number of splits:10
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO Configuration.deprecation: user.name is deprecated. Instead, use mapreduce.job.user.name
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO Configuration.deprecation: mapred.jar is deprecated. Instead, use mapreduce.job.jar
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO Configuration.deprecation: mapred.map.tasks.speculative.execution is deprecated. Instead, use mapreduce.map.speculative
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO Configuration.deprecation: mapred.reduce.tasks is deprecated. Instead, use mapreduce.job.reduces
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO Configuration.deprecation: mapred.output.value.class is deprecated. Instead, use mapreduce.job.output.value.class
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO Configuration.deprecation: mapred.reduce.tasks.speculative.execution is deprecated. Instead, use mapreduce.reduce.speculative
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO Configuration.deprecation: mapreduce.map.class is deprecated. Instead, use mapreduce.job.map.class
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO Configuration.deprecation: mapred.job.name is deprecated. Instead, use mapreduce.job.name
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO Configuration.deprecation: mapreduce.reduce.class is deprecated. Instead, use mapreduce.job.reduce.class
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO Configuration.deprecation: mapreduce.inputformat.class is deprecated. Instead, use mapreduce.job.inputformat.class
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO Configuration.deprecation: mapred.input.dir is deprecated. Instead, use mapreduce.input.fileinputformat.inputdir
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO Configuration.deprecation: mapred.output.dir is deprecated. Instead, use mapreduce.output.fileoutputformat.outputdir
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO Configuration.deprecation: mapreduce.outputformat.class is deprecated. Instead, use mapreduce.job.outputformat.class
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO Configuration.deprecation: mapred.map.tasks is deprecated. Instead, use mapreduce.job.maps
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO Configuration.deprecation: mapred.output.key.class is deprecated. Instead, use mapreduce.job.output.key.class
13/12/22 17:50:43 INFO Configuration.deprecation: mapred.working.dir is deprecated. Instead, use mapreduce.job.working.dir
13/12/22 17:50:44 INFO mapreduce.JobSubmitter: Submitting tokens for job: job_1387700249346_0004
13/12/22 17:50:44 INFO impl.YarnClientImpl: Submitted application application_1387700249346_0004 to ResourceManager at hdp-server-01/10.0.0.225:8032
13/12/22 17:50:44 INFO mapreduce.Job: The url to track the job: http://hdp-server-01:8888/proxy/application_1387700249346_0004/
13/12/22 17:50:44 INFO mapreduce.Job: Running job: job_1387700249346_0004
13/12/22 17:50:53 INFO mapreduce.Job: Job job_1387700249346_0004 running in uber mode : false
13/12/22 17:50:53 INFO mapreduce.Job: map 0% reduce 0%
13/12/22 17:51:03 INFO mapreduce.Job: map 40% reduce 0%
13/12/22 17:51:13 INFO mapreduce.Job: map 90% reduce 0%
13/12/22 17:51:14 INFO mapreduce.Job: map 100% reduce 0%
13/12/22 17:51:15 INFO mapreduce.Job: map 100% reduce 100%
13/12/22 17:51:16 INFO mapreduce.Job: Job job_1387700249346_0004 completed successfully
13/12/22 17:51:16 INFO mapreduce.Job: Counters: 43
File System Counters
FILE: Number of bytes read=226
FILE: Number of bytes written=878638
FILE: Number of read operations=0
FILE: Number of large read operations=0
FILE: Number of write operations=0
HDFS: Number of bytes read=2680
HDFS: Number of bytes written=215
HDFS: Number of read operations=43
HDFS: Number of large read operations=0
HDFS: Number of write operations=3
Job Counters
Launched map tasks=10
Launched reduce tasks=1
Data-local map tasks=10
Total time spent by all maps in occupied slots (ms)=142127
Total time spent by all reduces in occupied slots (ms)=8333
Map-Reduce Framework
Map input records=10
Map output records=20
Map output bytes=180
Map output materialized bytes=280
Input split bytes=1500
Combine input records=0
Combine output records=0
Reduce input groups=2
Reduce shuffle bytes=280
Reduce input records=20
Reduce output records=0
Spilled Records=40
Shuffled Maps =10
Failed Shuffles=0
Merged Map outputs=10
GC time elapsed (ms)=2606
CPU time spent (ms)=11090
Physical memory (bytes) snapshot=2605563904
Virtual memory (bytes) snapshot=11336945664
Total committed heap usage (bytes)=2184183808
Shuffle Errors
BAD_ID=0
CONNECTION=0
IO_ERROR=0
WRONG_LENGTH=0
WRONG_MAP=0
WRONG_REDUCE=0
File Input Format Counters
Bytes Read=1180
File Output Format Counters
Bytes Written=97
Job Finished in 34.098 seconds
Estimated value of Pi is 3.14080000000000000000
总结：
1. 在OpenStack环境启动的虚拟机中搭建Hadoop与物理机搭建并无太大不同，但需要注意虚拟机获取到的IP地址，用openstack分配的浮动ip（Floating ip）往往不能使用。因为浮动ip是由nova-network设置，用于nat转发的，虚拟机自身并不知道这个地址。
2. 集群中使用的虚拟机最好是同样的操作系统，这样可以使用编译好的文件，因为在Hadoop2.2.0框架中 hdfs不存在Master节点，因此每个节点的配置文件都是相同的，故可以先发起一台虚拟机，安装配置完之后将其做成镜像，后续可以起多个节点，区别在于启动的服务不同。
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